The goal is to get a gas extraction rate of 40 and a solid extraction rate of 10 for your mining stations.
At the start of the game you have basic mining. If you hover your mouse over the "Mining" technology in the Energy & Construction tech tree you will see that this means you have a gas extraction rate of 20 and a solid extraction rate of 3, and a luxury extraction rate of 3 (see picture).
Therefore you should put 2 gas extractors on a gas mining station and 4 solid extractors on your solid mining station (in reality, I have found that 3 is sufficient). At the start of the game I recommend you create just two mining station designs as follows:
- gas mining station: 2 Gas Extractors + 3 Luxury Resource Extractors
- solid mining station: 3 Mining Engines + 3 Luxury Resource Extractors
I think there is too much micro-management when you create separate designs for pure luxury mining stations.
When you increase technology to Fast Mining it makes no difference to the design, but when you get to Self-Optimizing Extractors you can reduce your designs to use just 2 Mining Engines and 2 Luxury Resource Extractors where applicable and still maintain that extraction rate of 10. When you research High Power Extractors you can change your gas mining stations to just have one Gas Extractor.
Just remember that you should aim for a gas extraction rate of 40 and a solid/luxury extraction rate of 10. There is no benefit to adding more extractors after you reach this rate.
Storage is a little harder to estimate because it depends on your extraction rate and the frequency of how often freighters come calling. I usually put a dozen on a slow mining station and as many as 20 on a fast one. You don't want to run out of space because the mining station with cease operations when the cargo bay is full.
How to tell a fast mining station from a slow one?
It is based on the planet's resource density. An optimized mining station (extraction rate of 40/10) on a planet with 35% gold and 42% steel will extract 35 units of gold and 42 steel every six turns (months).
Obviously a planet with 40% gold is less desirable than a planet with 75% gold. However a planet with 30% gold, 30% steel, and 30% iridium will gather more resources (90) per cycle than any of the planets mentioned previously. I consider a fast mining station as one with a total extraction rate above 100.
