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Not sure I understand why this is Hard Attack vs Hard Defense?

? a Corps is a HARD unit so it uses its hard attack value

whichever unit is defending would use the defense value against that unit type, so also hard

.. what I've nver fully understood is why the graphic deducts points from the attack, in this case -1

I know that this is a rounded representation of the actual combat calculation and at various times i've thought it could be due to

~ weather (seems like attacks in rain/snow) are reduced
~ experience ( i think if the defender has an experience advantage then it shows here)

?

I think that the deduction takes into account the upgrade level of the units. In this example the Soviet is INF 1 VS INF 2 of the Bulgarians so they deduce 1 as both have reached that level. If both were INF 2 they would deduce 2. But I could be wrong...

ORIGINAL: Taifun

I think that the deduction takes into account the upgrade level of the units. In this example the Soviet is INF 1 VS INF 2 of the Bulgarians so they deduce 1 as both have reached that level. If both were INF 2 they would deduce 2. But I could be wrong...

I believe this is the case. Both units are Hard targets. A Soviet corps has HA 1, +1 for Tech. The German Corps has HD 1, +2 for tech.

Tech cancels out as far as it is able to, so the engine tries to subtract 2 levels of upgrade from the Soviet unit and 1 level from the German unit. In the Soviet case there is only one level to subtract.

So you end up with Attack 1, Defence 2.

The Soviet Corps has effective Readiness 112% (counting 25% for the prepared attack bonus), so would do 1.12 damage on average. But the German unit is entrenched so the expected Strength damage is reduced.

The German Corps has Readiness 71%, which would do 1.42 damage. However it has HQ and experience bonuses that push that to over 1.5 which is rounded up to 2.