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Is the full combat equation set out anywhere in the manual or elsewhere? I found detailed explanations of how readiness factors in, how HQs factor in, etc, but not really a single equation explaining how combat results calculates all the variables. Just curious to see it all laid out in full, if anyone knows.

Please see section 7.29.7. Combat Losses on pages 171-2 for the calculation of combat losses.

Regarding the predicted losses, I noticed the manual says this:

However, if Fog of War is being used then some hidden enemy factors
such as HQ command rating and combat morale bonus are ignored in the
calculated estimates, and so the experienced player should expect slightly
different results.

In my experience, the combat estimates displayed do take into account HQ, or at least your own HQ. In fact, the predictions even change during the turn to take into account other HQ-related factors (HQ experience I believe). Is it really true that (enemy?) HQ command rating is not taken into account for the predicted combat results? This doesn't feel right to me.

Second related question:

The manual refers a few times to a HQ providing a "combat morale bonus":

HQs not only increase the readiness of units under their command, they
also provide a combat morale bonus.
This bonus can increase over time if their subordinate units perform
well in action, as any unit that performs well when attached to an HQ will
increase that HQ’s command experience. This will in turn increase the
combat morale bonus that the HQ provides to all units under its command.
So success breeds success!

I don't see the term "combat morale bonus" applied anywhere else in the manual other than the section on HQs (notably it isn't in the combat results formula). My conclusion is that this is a misnomer simply refers to an additional influence on readiness and not morale (if I switch command for an army from one HQ to a more experienced HQ with the same command rating, the readiness increases).