ORIGINAL: gwgardner
More troubling than research level, in naval battles, is mere numbers of ships. I think in our naval battles, I have had superior fleets in terms of quality and ship types - many more carriers, for instance - but Chuch has had the numbers. Invariably his fleets do more damage to mine than mine to his.
Where's my advantage for having carriers? There's really no standoff benefit, or it's not actually implemented.
Actually, there is a benefit to both carriers and subs. I have done much research in games versus the AI, and I find that research does have an impact too.
The carriers and subs get a "first strike" chance. Basically, each unit has a chance to find and attack 1 enemy ship before any surface battle. This attack often fails (does no damage), but it can damage ships to soften them up. The unit must be in a "regular fleet" rather than a "raiders group" (set per fleet in the fleet screen), I think. Did you have your ships sent out as raiders groups, maybe? Or you may just have not gotten lucky.
The chances of getting off a first strike and of the attack damaging your enemy go up as your tech level increases. My experience indicates that the chance of finding the enemy for a first strike is low and the chance of damaging a found ship is only moderate, but it does exist.
It is also the case that higher tech levels increase the probability of your fleets finding the enemy. It also appears to increase your chance of hitting the enemy ships. The number on the ship counter is the number of remaining hits it can take without sinking, and does not change with tech level.
I am not sure if higher tech levels are harder to damage or if it all goes into offense. I am also uncertain if the chance to find is impacted by the difference in tech levels, or it is solely based on your level.