Use the below data to choose the cargo hold size for your mining star bases (mineral, luxury, and gas all use the same values). I would recommend the "5 resources per planet size", since 5 is the max I've ever seen in game on one planet.
1 resource per planet: 7775 cargo (Optimal size for a 1-gas refueling base)
2 resources per planet: 15300 cargo (optimal size for a 2-gas refueling base)
3 resources per planet: 22825 cargo
4 resources per planet: 30350 cargo
5 resources per planet: 37875 cargo (this is the value I would use)
6 resources per planet: 45400 cargo (overkill in regular gameplay)
7 resources per planet: 52925 cargo (overkill in regular gameplay)
8 resources per planet: 60450 cargo (overkill in regular gameplay)
The formula the game uses to calculate a star base's actual cargo hold size is (Cargospace * 4) - 1000. The observed values don't match this perfectly - especially at low cargo hold sizes, but the larger data supports it.
The below chart displays the observed in-game max cargo values (blue dots), and the calculated trendline from this data (red line).

Bottom line:
If you want cheaper star bases that will still never hit capacity 99% of the time, go with 30350 cargo.
If you want to be 100% covered, go with 37875 cargo.
For a single-gas refueling base (hydrogen OR caslon), use 7775 cargo.
For a two-gas refueling base (hydrogen AND caslon), use 15300 cargo.
Putting more than 37875 cargo space on a base is a waste, due to the 30100 per-resource storage cap tm.asp?m=3651245.
Feelotraveler has another post on cargo with some additional information here: tm.asp?m=3650778.