Given your installation issues, I'd be concerned that there's still a corrupt file somewhere that's crashing the game. Just to be safe, can you re-download using www.stardownloader.com and try another uninstall/reinstall after running that www.ccleaner.com and rebooting to make sure your temp files are cleared out?
Please also post a DxDiag file and any crash file generated by the game.
The error log seems blank to me. Did the game generate any "crash" text files in its installation folder when it crashed?
Based on the DxDiag, your video driver is from 2005 and audio is from 2004. Please update both of those and also make sure you try playing with anti-aliasing turned off as that may be an issue for some ATI cards.
The problem was that my Windows Regional and Language Options was set to Japanese (I need it in order to play Japanese games). I switched it to English (United States) and rebooted, and the game worked fine.
I highly recommend putting this info on a sticky, as I'm sure there are other people with the same issue.
Kinda sucks though that I'll have to switch between both languages every time I want to play/quit UFO