OT: Corona virus

[Lowpe]

ORIGINAL: Sammy5IsAlive

ORIGINAL: Lowpe

Thanks Makee...

Not sure if anyone finds local Pennsylvania covid reporting interesting, but a few pages back I posted a link to the reduction of deaths in PA from a relatively right wing rural paper.

Here is the story from a relatively left wing big city paper:

https://www.inquirer.com/health/coronav ... 00423.html

My impression of the day-to-day US state figures is that they are all over the place, particularly in terms of deaths. Worldometers has Louisiana going from 126 deaths yesterday to 2 today. I am now just looking at the overall US figures and in terms of individual states the comparison between total reported deaths and the predicted total figures for that day from the Washington models. They seem much more stable and seem to be suggesting that their national model is pretty robust for the most part but with some state level departures in terms of some states that don't appear to have passed the predicted peak, some that are 'recovering' more slowly than predicted, and others that seem to be consistently doing better than predicted.

PA numbers are far from a daily death count, and overall he numbers are quite confusing as they blame computer glitches etc in the article, from the article quoting the Sec of Health:

In both cases, Levine said the surges reflected deaths that occurred days, even weeks, in the past.

“These deaths did not happen overnight,” Levine said Sunday.

The jump that day, first blamed on a computer glitch, was explained as a “reconciliation” of multiple reporting systems and the “culmination of that data-validating effort.” Levine also said the “significant increase” included “probable positive” COVID-19 deaths, as well as deaths confirmed with a test.

On Tuesday, Levine reported 300 probable deaths in the day’s count but appeared to indicate the situation was new.

“We will now be reporting probable deaths related to COVID-19 in addition to confirmed deaths,” she said.

[Sammy5IsAlive]

ORIGINAL: MakeeLearn

ORIGINAL: Sammy5IsAlive

ORIGINAL: Lowpe

Thanks Makee...

Not sure if anyone finds local Pennsylvania covid reporting interesting, but a few pages back I posted a link to the reduction of deaths in PA from a relatively right wing rural paper.

Here is the story from a relatively left wing big city paper:

https://www.inquirer.com/health/coronav ... 00423.html

My impression of the day-to-day US state figures is that they are all over the place, particularly in terms of deaths. Worldometers has Louisiana going from 126 deaths yesterday to 2 today. I am now just looking at the overall US figures and in terms of individual states the comparison between total reported deaths and the predicted total figures for that day from the Washington models.

Exactly. So using this map, taking into account mobility, accessibility, randomness...

Confirmed cases 886,047
(Today: +16,877)

A starting point..

I'd say ~x8 higher of infected people.

I'm a little cautious of that map as it is showing total case numbers and not case numbers/capita.

If I was going to give a layman's estimate of 'real' prevalence I'd be going along with something close to your estimate - something like 90% of cases going unreported. If that was right then the US would be up be up to c.9M infections - or 2.5% of the US population. Even if you took it up to 99% of cases being unreported that still only gets up to 25% of the population.

Personally I'm very sceptical of suggestions that the big countries in Europe are running at even 10% rates of infection. Put bluntly a person can only die once. In addition it seems fairly sensible to suggest that the more vulnerable you are the quicker you will die. So the higher the real prevalence the bigger and quicker the drop off you will see in deaths from peak. That doesn't seem to be what we are seeing in Spain/Italy where there has been a drop off from the peak daily deaths but then a settling of daily deaths at around 400/day. That's in the context of lockdown measures that have been in place for well over a month.

[Chickenboy]

ORIGINAL: Sammy5IsAlive

ORIGINAL: MakeeLearn

ORIGINAL: Sammy5IsAlive




My impression of the day-to-day US state figures is that they are all over the place, particularly in terms of deaths. Worldometers has Louisiana going from 126 deaths yesterday to 2 today. I am now just looking at the overall US figures and in terms of individual states the comparison between total reported deaths and the predicted total figures for that day from the Washington models.

Exactly. So using this map, taking into account mobility, accessibility, randomness...

Confirmed cases 886,047
(Today: +16,877)

A starting point..

I'd say ~x8 higher of infected people.

I'm a little cautious of that map as it is showing total case numbers and not case numbers/capita.

If I was going to give a layman's estimate of 'real' prevalence I'd be going along with something close to your estimate - something like 90% of cases going unreported. If that was right then the US would be up be up to c.9M infections - or 2.5% of the US population. Even if you took it up to 99% of cases being unreported that still only gets up to 25% of the population.

Personally I'm very sceptical of suggestions that the big countries in Europe are running at even 10% rates of infection. Put bluntly a person can only die once. In addition it seems fairly sensible to suggest that the more vulnerable you are the quicker you will die. So the higher the real prevalence the bigger and quicker the drop off you will see in deaths from peak. That doesn't seem to be what we are seeing in Spain/Italy where there has been a drop off from the peak daily deaths but then a settling of daily deaths at around 400/day. That's in the context of lockdown measures that have been in place for well over a month.

Part of the problem is 'what's in a death?' There is little common understanding or agreement of what constitutes an iron-clad death due to COVID-19 even between states here, let alone how other countries consider their 'cause of' death. Do you count people that died in their homes suddenly and are whisked away to be cremated with neither a test positive or clinical diagnosis? Do you count people that died of a heart attack but tested positive? Died "from" COVID-19 versus "with" COVID-19 is on ongoing issue. I think ITAKLinus mentioned that the Germans count their deaths differently than Italy and Spain did. Sounds to me like the PA Health Dept. vs. Coroners have a fundamental disagreement how they're going to count these victims.

[Sammy5IsAlive]

ORIGINAL: Chickenboy

Part of the problem is 'what's in a death?' There is little common understanding or agreement of what constitutes an iron-clad death due to COVID-19 even between states here, let alone how other countries consider their 'cause of' death. Do you count people that died in their homes suddenly and are whisked away to be cremated with neither a test positive or clinical diagnosis? Do you count people that died of a heart attack but tested positive? Died "from" COVID-19 versus "with" COVID-19 is on ongoing issue. I think ITAKLinus mentioned that the Germans count their deaths differently than Italy and Spain did. Sounds to me like the PA Health Dept. vs. Coroners have a fundamental disagreement how they're going to count these victims.

Agreed. In the UK we've had the ONS release their figures for overall numbers of deaths. For 4/04-10/04 they reported 18500 deaths - 8000 more than what is 'normal' (the BBC report doesn't say over what period that's been calculated). So for that week we seem to have had a rise of c.75%. I think at one point NYC were reporting their overall death rate doubling. In the long term I think the numbers of 'excess deaths' will be much more informative than the numbers of confirmed Covid-19 deaths.

[Chickenboy]

ORIGINAL: Sammy5IsAlive

ORIGINAL: Chickenboy

Part of the problem is 'what's in a death?' There is little common understanding or agreement of what constitutes an iron-clad death due to COVID-19 even between states here, let alone how other countries consider their 'cause of' death. Do you count people that died in their homes suddenly and are whisked away to be cremated with neither a test positive or clinical diagnosis? Do you count people that died of a heart attack but tested positive? Died "from" COVID-19 versus "with" COVID-19 is on ongoing issue. I think ITAKLinus mentioned that the Germans count their deaths differently than Italy and Spain did. Sounds to me like the PA Health Dept. vs. Coroners have a fundamental disagreement how they're going to count these victims.

Agreed. In the UK we've had the ONS release their figures for overall numbers of deaths. For 4/04-10/04 they reported 18500 deaths - 8000 more than what is 'normal' (the BBC report doesn't say over what period that's been calculated). So for that week we seem to have had a rise of c.75%. I think at one point NYC were reporting their overall death rate doubling. In the long term I think the numbers of 'excess deaths' will be much more informative than the numbers of confirmed Covid-19 deaths.

Calculation of 'excess mortality' in a given population and ascribing causality to it is just as difficult IMO. Many hospitals here (most actually) had restricted so-called elective surgeries of all manner during the earlier aspects of the epidemic curves. Some states with comparatively tame outbreaks (e.g., California and Texas) have resumed these surgeries, but many places have not.

So someone that really needs a pacemaker or a cardiac stent between March 15 and May 1 (examples) and does not survive to get the elective surgery dies. Lots of examples of that happening here. How does that 'excess mortality' get counted. Prima fasci evidence that they were refused life-saving surgery due to COVID-19 restrictions on that practice. Is that a COVID-19 'excess mortality'?

Fewer drivers will be killed on roads in Texas, Los Angeles and New York city than 2019 over the months of March and April (and maybe May, who knows?). Are these 'deficit deaths' counted on a ledger against the 'excess mortality' ones?

What about influenza between 2019 and 2020? Evidence that this year's influenza outbreak here will be much less than average mortality. Infection curve dropped like a rock when social distancing recommendations started getting rolled out nationally. Efforts to mitigate COVID-19 *also* truncated seasonal influenza. So can we count YOY lives saved from influenza as a credit against COVID-19 deaths?

Who parses out each life saved versus lost and ascribes causality to same? It gets very murky very quickly and sounds like an actuarial's worst nightmare.

[Chickenboy]

In the animal agriculture business, the bottleneck of processing lines going down from workers with COVID-19 is a real hot topic. Companies with sick line workers in Louisiana poultry plants are faced with the stark choice of either euthanizing their animals that cannot be processed in a timely manner or getting them processed somewhere else. Anywhere will do. In some cases, birds are being shipped to North Carolina or other states with solid processing plant excess capacity. Having a nation's food supply in jeopardy is a big deal. A really big deal.

At least some of the Government is aware of the issue and trying to act as a national intermediary for processing plant capacity issues. I found this to be a step in the right direction.

American livestock and poultry producers are facing an unprecedented emergency due to COVID-19, particularly with the closing of meat processing plants in several states. USDA is leading the federal response by working in coordination with the Vice President’s Task Force, the CDC, OSHA, Department of Labor, industry, state and local governments, and others across the federal family to mitigate the impacts of COVID-19 on producers. We will continue to seek solutions to ensure the continuity of operations and return to production as quickly, safely and as health considerations allow at these critical facilities.

While this work continues, the USDA’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) is establishing a National Incident Coordination Center to provide direct support to producers whose animals cannot move to market as a result of processing plant closures due to COVID-19. Going forward, APHIS’ Coordination Center, State Veterinarians, and other state officials will be assisting to help identify potential alternative markets if a producer is unable to move animals, and if necessary, advise and assist on depopulation and disposal methods.

Additionally, APHIS will mobilize and deploy assets of the National Veterinary Stockpile as needed and secure the services of contractors that can supply additional equipment, personnel, and services, much as it did during the large-scale Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza emergency in 2015.

Additionally, the USDA’s Natural Resources and Conservation Service (NRCS) will be providing state level technical assistance to producers and will provide cost share assistance under the Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP) in line with program guidelines for disposal.

[RangerJoe]

ORIGINAL: Lowpe

ORIGINAL: Chickenboy

ORIGINAL: Lowpe




Did you see Switzerland's studies were children can not carry enough of the virus to actually pass it on someone else?

No. Didn't see the study. Link?

By 'younger', I was mostly thinking of 'younger than they-residents of nursing homes-are' (e.g., nursing home workers / caregivers)

I personally haven't seen it, only referenced to by Swiss officials for one of the reasons they are re-opening their schools. I thought perhaps you or Makee had?

Pre-covid, I was at a nursing home 4 days a week or more, caregivers there get pretty darn young, all the way down to the 20s I guess.

I was in a nursing home for awhile, some of the workers were in their teens. Some pretty and strong young ladies as well . . . [;)]

Then I went to an assisted living facility, some of the workers were in high school.

[Canoerebel]

A thank you to Chickenboy for posting at length today. It's one thing to get secondary source information from links - sometimes good ones, sometimes not - but getting insight from those with real expertise is remarkable.

With the wealth of information shared in here, and access to great resources that forumites pointed to, I've gotten a much better handle on what's going on than more traditional sources would have provided.

[Cap Mandrake]

ORIGINAL: Chickenboy

In the animal agriculture business, the bottleneck of processing lines going down from workers with COVID-19 is a real hot topic. Companies with sick line workers in Louisiana poultry plants are faced with the stark choice of either euthanizing their animals that cannot be processed in a timely manner or getting them processed somewhere else. Anywhere will do. In some cases, birds are being shipped to North Carolina or other states with solid processing plant excess capacity. Having a nation's food supply in jeopardy is a big deal. A really big deal.

At least some of the Government is aware of the issue and trying to act as a national intermediary for processing plant capacity issues. I found this to be a step in the right direction.

American livestock and poultry producers are facing an unprecedented emergency due to COVID-19, particularly with the closing of meat processing plants in several states. USDA is leading the federal response by working in coordination with the Vice President’s Task Force, the CDC, OSHA, Department of Labor, industry, state and local governments, and others across the federal family to mitigate the impacts of COVID-19 on producers. We will continue to seek solutions to ensure the continuity of operations and return to production as quickly, safely and as health considerations allow at these critical facilities.

While this work continues, the USDA’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) is establishing a National Incident Coordination Center to provide direct support to producers whose animals cannot move to market as a result of processing plant closures due to COVID-19. Going forward, APHIS’ Coordination Center, State Veterinarians, and other state officials will be assisting to help identify potential alternative markets if a producer is unable to move animals, and if necessary, advise and assist on depopulation and disposal methods.

Additionally, APHIS will mobilize and deploy assets of the National Veterinary Stockpile as needed and secure the services of contractors that can supply additional equipment, personnel, and services, much as it did during the large-scale Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza emergency in 2015.

Additionally, the USDA’s Natural Resources and Conservation Service (NRCS) will be providing state level technical assistance to producers and will provide cost share assistance under the Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP) in line with program guidelines for disposal.

We have noticed. Gas may be cheaper but meat is NOT. Beef too. A good Porterhouse is now 9 $ a pound when you could get it for 6. Maybe they should let the "free range chickens" loose and let them see how the real world is. The lobsters are size of Florida cockroaches and you can't get Chilean Sea Bass or Halibut or even Mahi Mahi

[Cap Mandrake]

The world economy is going to be hovering about 2 fathoms over the bottom of the Marianas Trench in a matter of months unless we can begin to turn things around. Halibut doesn't matter.Sorghum and corn and rice and wheat do. The suffering could be Biblical.

[obvert]

ORIGINAL: Lowpe

ORIGINAL: Chickenboy

Only if the virus doesn't beat you first. In the case of COVID-19, large portions of nursing home populations won't have the opportunity to develop herd immunity if they die en masse from a point source introduction. One of the most frustrating things about this disparity in clinical disease/mortality is how young carriers of the agent are entirely unaffected while the most susceptible die with alarming alacrity. Nasty wicked problem.

Did you see Switzerland's studies were children can not carry enough of the virus to actually pass it on someone else?

Although studies may exist, I know of two cases among friends here in London where children did pass it on to adults, their parents. In one, our good friend, the one and a half year old toddler had a mild cough and a moderate temperature, much like a cold. She then caught it and because her brother is a doctor, got a test immediately, which was positive. She's in her late 30s and recovered after some scary days, but nothing that made her go to hospital.

I've be vey interesting to read the Swiss study of course, since I've got one and another on the way, and the 3 yr old will be heading back to nursery soon. There is no distancing of under fives.

[obvert]

ORIGINAL: Sammy5IsAlive

ORIGINAL: Lowpe

ORIGINAL: Chickenboy

Only if the virus doesn't beat you first. In the case of COVID-19, large portions of nursing home populations won't have the opportunity to develop herd immunity if they die en masse from a point source introduction. One of the most frustrating things about this disparity in clinical disease/mortality is how young carriers of the agent are entirely unaffected while the most susceptible die with alarming alacrity. Nasty wicked problem.

Did you see Switzerland's studies were children can not carry enough of the virus to actually pass it on someone else?

I think the thing with children and with schools in particular is that even if an individual child can't pass on the virus, a class of 20 of them could be enough to give it the teacher and then all the adults they then come into contact with in the week before they start developing symptoms.

Being a teacher I have to say I think about this a lot! [:D]

An effective and reliable seriology test would be very beneficial for schools reopening, to see which teachers and school workers have had the virus. We have over a hundred and fifty adults in the building for 1400 students, and many are older or vulnerable.

Many teachers at my school in London would not go back in, I've heard from rumours going around, if it's true that schools might reopen here in mid-to-late May. I don't think a lot of our particular clientele would send their children back in either.

[obvert]

ORIGINAL: Sammy5IsAlive

ORIGINAL: MakeeLearn

ORIGINAL: Sammy5IsAlive




My impression of the day-to-day US state figures is that they are all over the place, particularly in terms of deaths. Worldometers has Louisiana going from 126 deaths yesterday to 2 today. I am now just looking at the overall US figures and in terms of individual states the comparison between total reported deaths and the predicted total figures for that day from the Washington models.

Exactly. So using this map, taking into account mobility, accessibility, randomness...

Confirmed cases 886,047
(Today: +16,877)

A starting point..

I'd say ~x8 higher of infected people.

I'm a little cautious of that map as it is showing total case numbers and not case numbers/capita.

If I was going to give a layman's estimate of 'real' prevalence I'd be going along with something close to your estimate - something like 90% of cases going unreported. If that was right then the US would be up be up to c.9M infections - or 2.5% of the US population. Even if you took it up to 99% of cases being unreported that still only gets up to 25% of the population.

Personally I'm very sceptical of suggestions that the big countries in Europe are running at even 10% rates of infection. Put bluntly a person can only die once. In addition it seems fairly sensible to suggest that the more vulnerable you are the quicker you will die. So the higher the real prevalence the bigger and quicker the drop off you will see in deaths from peak. That doesn't seem to be what we are seeing in Spain/Italy where there has been a drop off from the peak daily deaths but then a settling of daily deaths at around 400/day. That's in the context of lockdown measures that have been in place for well over a month.

This has numbers/capita. The NY Times has a load of good map graphics here.

https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/202 ... -maps.html

[HansBolter]

ORIGINAL: Cap Mandrake


The lobsters are size of Florida cockroaches

That still makes em about the size of a crawdad (crayfish to you northern types).

And we Southerners reserve the cockroach moniker for the teeny German types. The big, bad flying boys we call Palmetto Bugs.

[mind_messing]

ORIGINAL: Chickenboy

ORIGINAL: Sammy5IsAlive

ORIGINAL: Chickenboy

Part of the problem is 'what's in a death?' There is little common understanding or agreement of what constitutes an iron-clad death due to COVID-19 even between states here, let alone how other countries consider their 'cause of' death. Do you count people that died in their homes suddenly and are whisked away to be cremated with neither a test positive or clinical diagnosis? Do you count people that died of a heart attack but tested positive? Died "from" COVID-19 versus "with" COVID-19 is on ongoing issue. I think ITAKLinus mentioned that the Germans count their deaths differently than Italy and Spain did. Sounds to me like the PA Health Dept. vs. Coroners have a fundamental disagreement how they're going to count these victims.

Agreed. In the UK we've had the ONS release their figures for overall numbers of deaths. For 4/04-10/04 they reported 18500 deaths - 8000 more than what is 'normal' (the BBC report doesn't say over what period that's been calculated). So for that week we seem to have had a rise of c.75%. I think at one point NYC were reporting their overall death rate doubling. In the long term I think the numbers of 'excess deaths' will be much more informative than the numbers of confirmed Covid-19 deaths.

Calculation of 'excess mortality' in a given population and ascribing causality to it is just as difficult IMO. Many hospitals here (most actually) had restricted so-called elective surgeries of all manner during the earlier aspects of the epidemic curves. Some states with comparatively tame outbreaks (e.g., California and Texas) have resumed these surgeries, but many places have not.

So someone that really needs a pacemaker or a cardiac stent between March 15 and May 1 (examples) and does not survive to get the elective surgery dies. Lots of examples of that happening here. How does that 'excess mortality' get counted. Prima fasci evidence that they were refused life-saving surgery due to COVID-19 restrictions on that practice. Is that a COVID-19 'excess mortality'?

Fewer drivers will be killed on roads in Texas, Los Angeles and New York city than 2019 over the months of March and April (and maybe May, who knows?). Are these 'deficit deaths' counted on a ledger against the 'excess mortality' ones?

What about influenza between 2019 and 2020? Evidence that this year's influenza outbreak here will be much less than average mortality. Infection curve dropped like a rock when social distancing recommendations started getting rolled out nationally. Efforts to mitigate COVID-19 *also* truncated seasonal influenza. So can we count YOY lives saved from influenza as a credit against COVID-19 deaths?

Who parses out each life saved versus lost and ascribes causality to same? It gets very murky very quickly and sounds like an actuarial's worst nightmare.

The methodology being used here is a 5 year average broken down by cause.

https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/files//st ... eek-16.pdf

[geofflambert]

Quién es más estúpido? Trump ou Bolsonaro?

[Cap Mandrake]

ORIGINAL: MakeeLearn

ORIGINAL: Lowpe

Thanks Makee...

Not sure if anyone finds local Pennsylvania covid reporting interesting, but a few pages back I posted a link to the reduction of deaths in PA from a relatively right wing rural paper.

Here is the story from a relatively left wing big city paper:

https://www.inquirer.com/health/coronav ... 00423.html

"Pa. removes more than 200 deaths from official coronavirus count as questions mount about reporting process, data accuracy"

-------------


Since Cv19 kills men more than women, I now identify as "Anastasia" a Ukrainian peasant woman.
Sorry my hair looks so disheveled. Iam having a bad hair day.

Anastasia your lips and pectorals are horribly swollen!

[Cap Mandrake]

I don't see any biological reason why children would have some magical immunity. Babies of immune mothers might have passive antibodies (across the placenta) for a month or two and breast feeding might have some protective effect but I doubt it. COVID during the pregnancy is almost certainly very dangerous to the fetus. RSV, influenza, parainfluenza, adenovirus, enterovirus are WORSE in young children compared to young adults. Influenza vaccine doesn't even work in kids under 6 months and measles vaccine until 9-12 months

It does seem obvious that admissions and mortality are lower for children. Perhaps it is the relative immune incompetence. Once infected they are certainly virus machines because they are dependent on their caregiver and they have little regard for the dispersal of "secretions"

[RangerJoe]

ORIGINAL: Cap Mandrake

ORIGINAL: MakeeLearn

ORIGINAL: Lowpe

Thanks Makee...

Not sure if anyone finds local Pennsylvania covid reporting interesting, but a few pages back I posted a link to the reduction of deaths in PA from a relatively right wing rural paper.

Here is the story from a relatively left wing big city paper:

https://www.inquirer.com/health/coronav ... 00423.html

"Pa. removes more than 200 deaths from official coronavirus count as questions mount about reporting process, data accuracy"

-------------


Since Cv19 kills men more than women, I now identify as "Anastasia" a Ukrainian peasant woman.
Sorry my hair looks so disheveled. Iam having a bad hair day.

Anastasia your lips and pectorals are horribly swollen!

She obviously needs treatment. Maybe massaging could help, maybe it would help reduce scar tissue.

[RangerJoe]

Payback can be fun:

Tons of sanitizer: Retailer charged with hoarding, gouging
Federal prosecutors say a New York retailer has been charged with hoarding disposable masks, surgical gowns and hand sanitizer in a Long Island warehouse and selling the items at huge markups

NEW YORK -- Federal prosecutors charged a New York retailer Friday with hoarding tons of disposable masks, surgical gowns and hand sanitizer in a Long Island warehouse and selling the items at huge markups.
Amardeep “Bobby” Singh, 45, was charged with violating the Defense Production Act of 1950 in what authorities described as the first such prosecution during the coronavirus pandemic.
.
.
.
Singh sells sneakers and apparel at his Plainview store, prosecutors said, but dedicated a new section last month to “COVID-19 Essentials," including N95 masks, face shields, gloves and disinfecting products.
In late March and early April, authorities said, Singh stockpiled more than 1.6 tons of disposable masks; 2.2 tons of surgical gowns; 1.8 tons of hand sanitizer and seven shipments of digital thermometers.
Records from the store showed he bought the face masks for 7 cents apiece and then resold them for $1 each, prosecutors said.
A search of his business and warehouse turned up more than 5,000 face shields, 2,471 full-body isolation suits and 711,400 disposable vinyl gloves, according to court records.
Authorities said Singh marketed the products on social media and continued selling them even after he received a cease-and-desist letter from the New York Attorney General's Office, which called his pricing “unconscionably excessive."
Singh’s stockpiles for now are being held as evidence, but the Federal Emergency Management Agency is “working through the details” of how to reallocate the materials to institutions in need of such equipment, said a law enforcement official familiar with the matter. The person wasn’t authorized to speak publicly about the materials and spoke on the condition of anonymity.

https://abcnews.go.com/Business/wireSto ... g-70334664

I think that there could also be state charges against price gouging.