General Combat and firing questions

[Fitch]

Hey all,

Couple of combat related questions, I have searched and have found no definitive answer anywhere.

Ok, so Naval Firing, I understand what the 0,0 or 0,4 etc means, but what do the parenthesis mean? as well as the percentage that's in parenthesis?

I have a feeling this next question is connected to the answer for the above question. Sometimes when I fire a Naval Strike at a ground target the ships fires, and then fires again, even though the ship only has 1 Strike, why? What is this and what triggers it?

Lastly, I will fire arty or Naval Guns at a target and it will incur a loss, but the loss doesn't register with the unit. I'm aware that when I fire at a city or stronghold the bombardment can incur MPP loses against the enemy, but this is when firing against a target in the open and not in a city or fortified position. so what's going on there?

[Nginear]

The "(X%)" means chance of a hit against the land unit on a resource. Yes naval only gets one attack, but it will attack the resource first, then the land unit in one attack. Same is true for strategic bombers.
The standard 10% chance of a hit is effectively 0% in my experience.

Artillery and Naval Gun have the ability to actually fire out into an ocean tile and attack a naval ship. Most land units also have a naval attack value, but they can only attack ships in a port.