There appears to be several kinds of "effects" in devices like shells and bombs:
"effect"
"anti-armor"
"anti-soft"
"penetration"
Now penetration is how many mm of armor a shell or bomb will penetrate at a normal angle. This is fairly clear.
Effect is the value the code uses when a ship is hit by a shell or bomb. This is formally defined as equal to the weight of the shell or bomb. However it may be used by the code, it is at least clearly defined.
But anti-soft and anti-armor are not defined, and they do not appear to be uniformly used. Many - maybe most - shells and bombs have 0 values for one or both. But many have values. And the values are not clearly proportional to anything - by any function. Instead the values are all over the place - literally from zero to huge values. Further the ratio between anti-armor and anti-soft and the ratios between them and weight or effect values are all over the place.
I propose that the anti-soft value of ALL GP bombs and shells be the square root of the weight (or effect) value. This because the explosive power spreads out as the square of distance.
Analysis and testing appear to show that anti-armor value should be set to the same value as penetration. Code appears to attack a single AFV (or none) - and if it does hit a vehicle - the anti-armor value seems to be the same for a vehicle as penetration is for an armored ship. Since only one vehicle is hit per shell or bomb, you don't get the effect you might expect from a 16 inch shell! No matter if everything for 100 yards is destroyed - you get only one vehicle. But the device bombs have not been properly set even to get one vehicle - being zero - or so it appears.
But for bombs at least there are pure AP weapons. And also the 15 inch CD guns - only used at Singapore - ALSO are pure AP weapons - since there are no other shells for them. Here we need some other function for anti-soft value - the shells will tend not to be worth much against soft targets. [They won't detonate - or they will penetrate deep into the earth and hit a rock and then detonate with the explosion shielded by the earth]
So here I propose to use the fourth root of the shell weight (or effect) value.
I seek comments and proposals for better algorithms. The goal is to have a principle on which to assign anti-armor and anti-soft values somehow related to weapon size and, sometimes, wether it is purely AP.
Values such as zero probably do not belong in these fields - and if they do - when and why? Whatever values do belong in them, they ought not to rate similar weapons vastly differently - as is the present case in both stock and CHS.
Device data for bombs and shells
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treespider
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RE: Device data for bombs and shells
For a discussion of Damage Effects ...here is a useful website....
http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/navy/doc ... m_crit.htm
And for those of you too lazy to click on the link here is the content minus images....
Damage Prediction
When a warhead detonates in the vicinity of a target, we may expect that the target will be damaged to some extent. However, there is no guarantee that the target will be destroyed or incapacitated. There are too many factors involved that may alter the outcome of the engagement. So it only makes sense to talk of damage in terms of probabilities.
Probability of Kill (Pk)
In order to make sense out of the infinite spectrum of outcomes, it is useful to view it in black-and-white terms. For most military engagements, it only matters that the target is removed from action. It is in this sense that the target is considered "killed." The probability of kill (Pk) is a statistical measure of the likelihood that the target will be incapacitated. For a warhead, the Pk will depend on the nature of the target, specifically how it is vulnerable to its effects (i.e. the shock wave or fragments), and the proximity of the warhead to the target.
The probability of kill can be defined conditionally. For instance, we can speak of the Pk if a fragment hits the target. To clarify the situation, the following notation will be used when needed to express the conditional Pk:
Pk|hit = the Pk if the fragment hits the target.
In this case the overall Pk will be the product of two factors,
Pk = Phit Pk|hit,
where:
Phit is the probability of the fragment hitting the target.
In practice, there may be many factors contributing to the overall Pk. For example, the target must be detected and localized, the weapon launched and delivered to the target and then detonate reliably. Each of these factors will add conditional terms to the overall Pk.
Circular Error Probable
The proximity of the warhead to the target is also statistical in nature. We may speak of the average distance from the point of impact and/or detonation to the target if many warheads were launched at it. Alternatively, we may speak of the most probable outcome from a single launch, which turns out to have the same value. Therefore, the measure of the most probable distance from the point of impact and/or detonation to the target is the circular error probable (CEP). It is defined as follows:
CEP = the radius of a circle about the aim point inside of which there is a 50% chance that the weapon will impact and/or detonate.
For the purpose of estimating the probability of kill, we will use the CEP as the distance from the point of detonation of the warhead to the target.
Levels of Damage
There are two ways to think of the process. In one case, there will be varying levels of damage to the target. For instance, the target may sustain minor damage which does not affect its operation, or the target may be completely destroyed. In the other view, there is some probability that the target will be removed from operation, which is the Pk. The two views are related, of course. For descriptive purposes, we make the following associations:
Table 1. Levels of damage and probability of kill.
Damage Level
Description
Pk
light
minor damage, some functions lost, but still capable of operation.
0.1
moderate
extensive damage, many functions lost. Operation still possible but at reduced effectiveness
0.5
heavy
unable to operate
0.9
Damage Criteria for Blast Effect Warheads
There are two main ways that targets may be damaged by blast effects: diffraction and drag loading.
Diffraction loading is the rapid application of pressure to the target from all sides as the shock wave passes over it. It is associated with diffraction because the shock wave front will bend around and engulf the target as it passes.
Figure 1. Diffraction loading.
In diffraction loading, the overpressure of the shock wave is applied to several sides of the object nearly simultaneously. For instance, a square building facing the blast would feel the shock wave arrive on the front sides and roof at nearly the same time. Ductile targets (for example made of metal) will be crushed. Brittle targets (for example made of concrete) will shatter. The loading can be estimated from the peak overpressure.
Suppose a shock wave of 25 psi peak overpressure is incident upon a standard one-story residential house. The surface area of the house could be estimated as follows:
Front: 40 ft. x 10 ft.
Sides: 25 ft. x 10 ft.
Roof: 40 ft. x 10 ft. (front half only)
Total: 1050 ft2 x (144 in2/ft2) = 151,200 in2
The total loading if all the peak overpressure were applied simultaneously to the front, sides and roof would be:
Load = 25 psi x 151,200 in2 = 3.8 x 106 lb.
That's roughly 1850 tons of load. It's highly unlikely the structure would survive.
Drag loading comes from dynamic pressure. It is the aerodynamic force which acts on surfaces which are perpendicular to the shock wave front. For example, if we subject the same residential structure to 3 psi of dynamic pressure, it would feel a drag load of:
Drag load = 3 psi x 400 ft2 x 144 in2/ft2 = 172,800 lb. or
Drag load = 86 tons
In general, the drag load will be much less than the diffraction loading. However it is applied for a longer period of time. The drag load also reverses direction which tends to rip objects apart.
Figure 2. Drag loading.
Some targets which are relatively flexible are not damaged by diffraction loading. These same targets may be vulnerable to drag loading damage. Targets which are not rigidly affixed will be thrown by the force and may be displaced by several meters. Personnel are very vulnerable to this type of damage as well as the secondary threat of being hit by other objects and debris thrown by the blast. Aircraft and light equipment are also likely to be damaged by drag loading.
For purely academic purposes, here is a table of possible targets which indicates which effect they are most vulnerable to and the values of peak overpressure or dynamic pressure required to achieve three levels of damage.
Table 2. Sample damage criteria for blast effects.
Target
Damage mechanism
Light
Moderate
Heavy
Industrial buildings
Diffraction
3
5
15
Roads and Bridges
Diffraction
5
8
12
Light armor
Drag
1
4
7
Heavy armor
Diffraction
10
100
200
Troops in open field
Drag
1
3
5
Troops in bunkers
Diffraction
5
30
100
Shallow buried structures
Diffraction
30
175
300
Parked aircraft
Drag
0.7
1.5
3
Ships
Drag
2
5
7
Example: find the distance to which light armor might be destroyed from 2000 lb. TNT equivalent bomb.
Referring to the dynamic pressure vs. range curve for a reference explosion (1 kg TNT) we find that 7 psi of dynamic pressure will be felt at about 1.5 m.
To find the scaling factor W1/3 convert the warhead size into kg:
2000 lb. = 910 kg TNT
W1/3 = 9101/3 = 9.7
Therefore the effect (7 psi dynamic pressure will be felt to a range of
R = 1.5 m x 9.7 = 14.5 m
Damage Criteria for Fragmentation Warheads
As a general rule, the vulnerability of some targets to damage caused by fragments from a warhead depends on the kinetic energy. The initial energy can be found from the Gurney analysis and the velocity as a function of range can be found from the drag equation. For a typical fragment, about the size of a 120 grain, 9-mm bullet, the velocity at 200 m is about 1/3 of its initial value, and therefore the kinetic energy is down to 10% of its original value.
Personnel
Based on typical ballistics numbers, 100 J seems to be the minimum lethal kinetic energy. This is roughly equivalent to a .22 long bullet (40 grains) from a rifle at 1000 fps. The next level of damage is at about 1000 J, which corresponds to a .357 jacketed soft-point (158 grains) bullet at 1400 fps. This is fairly lethal (depending exactly where it hit) to unprotected personnel. Lastly, something around 4000 J is sufficient to penetrate body armor. This is something like a 7.62 full metal jacket or .30-06 armor piercing bullet (166 grains) at 2750 fps. Roughly dividing this into three broad categories:
Light (.22 cal): 100 J.
Moderate (.357 cal.): 1000 J.
Heavy(.30-06 cal): 4000 J.
Aircraft
Aircraft are generally constructed of light metals. Giving a conservative estimate, you could treat the aircraft skin as the equivalent of body-armor. Thus it requires about 4000 J to penetrate the aircraft skin.
Armored Vehicles
It is probably unwise to assume an armored vehicle could be stopped by a fragmentation warhead. Any substantial amount of armor would require a specialized projectile. For light armor, saboted shells, which have a .50 cal outside shoe (sabot) containing a .30 cal shell (penetrator) that is hardened and shaped to pierce armor. At almost 4000 fps, this can penetrate ¾" of steel. Armor up to about 15" can be pierced by special rounds that weigh upwards of 3.5 kg and travel at 700 m/s (making their kinetic energy about 850 kJ). As a crude rule of thumb, we can estimate that it takes about 10 kJ of kinetic energy per cm of steel in order to penetrate it. Here is a summary of the damage criteria for targets vulnerable to fragmentation warheads.
Table 3. Sample damage criteria for fragmentation effects.
Fragment Energy in kJ
Target
Light Damage
(Pk = 0.1)
Moderate
Damage
(Pk = 0.5)
Heavy
Damage
(Pk = 0.9)
Personnel
0.1
1
4
Aircraft
4
10
20
Armored vehicle
10
500
1000
Probable Number of Fragments Hitting the Target
It can be proven that the fragments from a typical warhead are generally lethal at long range, far in excess of the lethal effects from blast weapons of equivalent size. Drag reduces the energy slowly. For example, fragments from a hand-grenade can be dangerous to a range of about 100 m. However, the likelihood of being struck by a fragment at 100 m is small. There are only so many fragments that are distributed in all directions. The average number striking a target will reduce proportionally to 1/R2, where R is the range. We can express this in the following formula:
Nhits = A(No/4pR2)
where:
Nhits is the expected number of fragments hitting the target;
No is the initial number of fragments from the warhead;
A is the frontal area of the target presented to the warhead; and
R is the range of the target to the warhead.
When estimating the Pk from a fragmentation warhead, you must take into account the number of fragments that are expected to hit the target. Multiple hits must be handled appropriately. To wit, the correct manipulation of probabilities. For multiple hits the overall Pk is found from
Pk = 1 - (1-PK|hit)Nhits, if Nhits > 1, or
Pk = Nhits Pk|hit, if Nhits < 1
Example: find the Pk from a hand-grenade against personnel at 2 m from the detonation, assuming there are 200 fragments at about 3000 J each (you may neglect drag at this short distance).
The closest value Pk|hit given in the table is 0.9 at 4000 J, so it would be reasonable to expect a probability of some where between 0.5 and 0.9 for a single 3000 J fragment. Take 0.8 as an estimate.
Assuming a person presents about 1 m2 to the warhead, the expected number of hits will be
Nhits = 1(200)/(4p22)= 4.
Therefore,
Pk = 1 - (0.2)4 = 0.9984.
This is a crude measure to be sure, however this calculation suffices to proof that virtually no one 2 m from a hand grenade will survive, which is known to be true.
Compare this, on the other hand to the Pk at 5m. Here there will only be
Nhits = 1(200)/(4p52) = 0.6
This can be taken directly as the probability of being hit, so that
Pk = 0.6 x 0.8 = 0.5.
So at 5 m, a person might have a 50 % chance of survival. Generally when discussing weapons, the range within which there will be a 50% probability of kill is called the lethal range of the warhead.
http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/navy/doc ... m_crit.htm
And for those of you too lazy to click on the link here is the content minus images....
Damage Prediction
When a warhead detonates in the vicinity of a target, we may expect that the target will be damaged to some extent. However, there is no guarantee that the target will be destroyed or incapacitated. There are too many factors involved that may alter the outcome of the engagement. So it only makes sense to talk of damage in terms of probabilities.
Probability of Kill (Pk)
In order to make sense out of the infinite spectrum of outcomes, it is useful to view it in black-and-white terms. For most military engagements, it only matters that the target is removed from action. It is in this sense that the target is considered "killed." The probability of kill (Pk) is a statistical measure of the likelihood that the target will be incapacitated. For a warhead, the Pk will depend on the nature of the target, specifically how it is vulnerable to its effects (i.e. the shock wave or fragments), and the proximity of the warhead to the target.
The probability of kill can be defined conditionally. For instance, we can speak of the Pk if a fragment hits the target. To clarify the situation, the following notation will be used when needed to express the conditional Pk:
Pk|hit = the Pk if the fragment hits the target.
In this case the overall Pk will be the product of two factors,
Pk = Phit Pk|hit,
where:
Phit is the probability of the fragment hitting the target.
In practice, there may be many factors contributing to the overall Pk. For example, the target must be detected and localized, the weapon launched and delivered to the target and then detonate reliably. Each of these factors will add conditional terms to the overall Pk.
Circular Error Probable
The proximity of the warhead to the target is also statistical in nature. We may speak of the average distance from the point of impact and/or detonation to the target if many warheads were launched at it. Alternatively, we may speak of the most probable outcome from a single launch, which turns out to have the same value. Therefore, the measure of the most probable distance from the point of impact and/or detonation to the target is the circular error probable (CEP). It is defined as follows:
CEP = the radius of a circle about the aim point inside of which there is a 50% chance that the weapon will impact and/or detonate.
For the purpose of estimating the probability of kill, we will use the CEP as the distance from the point of detonation of the warhead to the target.
Levels of Damage
There are two ways to think of the process. In one case, there will be varying levels of damage to the target. For instance, the target may sustain minor damage which does not affect its operation, or the target may be completely destroyed. In the other view, there is some probability that the target will be removed from operation, which is the Pk. The two views are related, of course. For descriptive purposes, we make the following associations:
Table 1. Levels of damage and probability of kill.
Damage Level
Description
Pk
light
minor damage, some functions lost, but still capable of operation.
0.1
moderate
extensive damage, many functions lost. Operation still possible but at reduced effectiveness
0.5
heavy
unable to operate
0.9
Damage Criteria for Blast Effect Warheads
There are two main ways that targets may be damaged by blast effects: diffraction and drag loading.
Diffraction loading is the rapid application of pressure to the target from all sides as the shock wave passes over it. It is associated with diffraction because the shock wave front will bend around and engulf the target as it passes.
Figure 1. Diffraction loading.
In diffraction loading, the overpressure of the shock wave is applied to several sides of the object nearly simultaneously. For instance, a square building facing the blast would feel the shock wave arrive on the front sides and roof at nearly the same time. Ductile targets (for example made of metal) will be crushed. Brittle targets (for example made of concrete) will shatter. The loading can be estimated from the peak overpressure.
Suppose a shock wave of 25 psi peak overpressure is incident upon a standard one-story residential house. The surface area of the house could be estimated as follows:
Front: 40 ft. x 10 ft.
Sides: 25 ft. x 10 ft.
Roof: 40 ft. x 10 ft. (front half only)
Total: 1050 ft2 x (144 in2/ft2) = 151,200 in2
The total loading if all the peak overpressure were applied simultaneously to the front, sides and roof would be:
Load = 25 psi x 151,200 in2 = 3.8 x 106 lb.
That's roughly 1850 tons of load. It's highly unlikely the structure would survive.
Drag loading comes from dynamic pressure. It is the aerodynamic force which acts on surfaces which are perpendicular to the shock wave front. For example, if we subject the same residential structure to 3 psi of dynamic pressure, it would feel a drag load of:
Drag load = 3 psi x 400 ft2 x 144 in2/ft2 = 172,800 lb. or
Drag load = 86 tons
In general, the drag load will be much less than the diffraction loading. However it is applied for a longer period of time. The drag load also reverses direction which tends to rip objects apart.
Figure 2. Drag loading.
Some targets which are relatively flexible are not damaged by diffraction loading. These same targets may be vulnerable to drag loading damage. Targets which are not rigidly affixed will be thrown by the force and may be displaced by several meters. Personnel are very vulnerable to this type of damage as well as the secondary threat of being hit by other objects and debris thrown by the blast. Aircraft and light equipment are also likely to be damaged by drag loading.
For purely academic purposes, here is a table of possible targets which indicates which effect they are most vulnerable to and the values of peak overpressure or dynamic pressure required to achieve three levels of damage.
Table 2. Sample damage criteria for blast effects.
Target
Damage mechanism
Light
Moderate
Heavy
Industrial buildings
Diffraction
3
5
15
Roads and Bridges
Diffraction
5
8
12
Light armor
Drag
1
4
7
Heavy armor
Diffraction
10
100
200
Troops in open field
Drag
1
3
5
Troops in bunkers
Diffraction
5
30
100
Shallow buried structures
Diffraction
30
175
300
Parked aircraft
Drag
0.7
1.5
3
Ships
Drag
2
5
7
Example: find the distance to which light armor might be destroyed from 2000 lb. TNT equivalent bomb.
Referring to the dynamic pressure vs. range curve for a reference explosion (1 kg TNT) we find that 7 psi of dynamic pressure will be felt at about 1.5 m.
To find the scaling factor W1/3 convert the warhead size into kg:
2000 lb. = 910 kg TNT
W1/3 = 9101/3 = 9.7
Therefore the effect (7 psi dynamic pressure will be felt to a range of
R = 1.5 m x 9.7 = 14.5 m
Damage Criteria for Fragmentation Warheads
As a general rule, the vulnerability of some targets to damage caused by fragments from a warhead depends on the kinetic energy. The initial energy can be found from the Gurney analysis and the velocity as a function of range can be found from the drag equation. For a typical fragment, about the size of a 120 grain, 9-mm bullet, the velocity at 200 m is about 1/3 of its initial value, and therefore the kinetic energy is down to 10% of its original value.
Personnel
Based on typical ballistics numbers, 100 J seems to be the minimum lethal kinetic energy. This is roughly equivalent to a .22 long bullet (40 grains) from a rifle at 1000 fps. The next level of damage is at about 1000 J, which corresponds to a .357 jacketed soft-point (158 grains) bullet at 1400 fps. This is fairly lethal (depending exactly where it hit) to unprotected personnel. Lastly, something around 4000 J is sufficient to penetrate body armor. This is something like a 7.62 full metal jacket or .30-06 armor piercing bullet (166 grains) at 2750 fps. Roughly dividing this into three broad categories:
Light (.22 cal): 100 J.
Moderate (.357 cal.): 1000 J.
Heavy(.30-06 cal): 4000 J.
Aircraft
Aircraft are generally constructed of light metals. Giving a conservative estimate, you could treat the aircraft skin as the equivalent of body-armor. Thus it requires about 4000 J to penetrate the aircraft skin.
Armored Vehicles
It is probably unwise to assume an armored vehicle could be stopped by a fragmentation warhead. Any substantial amount of armor would require a specialized projectile. For light armor, saboted shells, which have a .50 cal outside shoe (sabot) containing a .30 cal shell (penetrator) that is hardened and shaped to pierce armor. At almost 4000 fps, this can penetrate ¾" of steel. Armor up to about 15" can be pierced by special rounds that weigh upwards of 3.5 kg and travel at 700 m/s (making their kinetic energy about 850 kJ). As a crude rule of thumb, we can estimate that it takes about 10 kJ of kinetic energy per cm of steel in order to penetrate it. Here is a summary of the damage criteria for targets vulnerable to fragmentation warheads.
Table 3. Sample damage criteria for fragmentation effects.
Fragment Energy in kJ
Target
Light Damage
(Pk = 0.1)
Moderate
Damage
(Pk = 0.5)
Heavy
Damage
(Pk = 0.9)
Personnel
0.1
1
4
Aircraft
4
10
20
Armored vehicle
10
500
1000
Probable Number of Fragments Hitting the Target
It can be proven that the fragments from a typical warhead are generally lethal at long range, far in excess of the lethal effects from blast weapons of equivalent size. Drag reduces the energy slowly. For example, fragments from a hand-grenade can be dangerous to a range of about 100 m. However, the likelihood of being struck by a fragment at 100 m is small. There are only so many fragments that are distributed in all directions. The average number striking a target will reduce proportionally to 1/R2, where R is the range. We can express this in the following formula:
Nhits = A(No/4pR2)
where:
Nhits is the expected number of fragments hitting the target;
No is the initial number of fragments from the warhead;
A is the frontal area of the target presented to the warhead; and
R is the range of the target to the warhead.
When estimating the Pk from a fragmentation warhead, you must take into account the number of fragments that are expected to hit the target. Multiple hits must be handled appropriately. To wit, the correct manipulation of probabilities. For multiple hits the overall Pk is found from
Pk = 1 - (1-PK|hit)Nhits, if Nhits > 1, or
Pk = Nhits Pk|hit, if Nhits < 1
Example: find the Pk from a hand-grenade against personnel at 2 m from the detonation, assuming there are 200 fragments at about 3000 J each (you may neglect drag at this short distance).
The closest value Pk|hit given in the table is 0.9 at 4000 J, so it would be reasonable to expect a probability of some where between 0.5 and 0.9 for a single 3000 J fragment. Take 0.8 as an estimate.
Assuming a person presents about 1 m2 to the warhead, the expected number of hits will be
Nhits = 1(200)/(4p22)= 4.
Therefore,
Pk = 1 - (0.2)4 = 0.9984.
This is a crude measure to be sure, however this calculation suffices to proof that virtually no one 2 m from a hand grenade will survive, which is known to be true.
Compare this, on the other hand to the Pk at 5m. Here there will only be
Nhits = 1(200)/(4p52) = 0.6
This can be taken directly as the probability of being hit, so that
Pk = 0.6 x 0.8 = 0.5.
So at 5 m, a person might have a 50 % chance of survival. Generally when discussing weapons, the range within which there will be a 50% probability of kill is called the lethal range of the warhead.
Here's a link to:
Treespider's Grand Campaign of DBB
"It is not the critic who counts, .... The credit belongs to the man who is actually in the arena..." T. Roosevelt, Paris, 1910
Treespider's Grand Campaign of DBB
"It is not the critic who counts, .... The credit belongs to the man who is actually in the arena..." T. Roosevelt, Paris, 1910
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el cid again
- Posts: 16984
- Joined: Mon Oct 10, 2005 4:40 pm
RE: Device data for bombs and shells
It is probably unwise to assume an armored vehicle could be stopped by a fragmentation warhead. Any substantial amount of armor would require a specialized projectile.
Too simple. Hit an AFV with a bomb or shell that is big enough - measured in thousands of pounds - you are going to kill it. So above a certain size, sheer weight matters. And it may well be that a ton of HE going off at 10 meters is also lethal to everyone in the vehicle that was not hit. The closer one is to an impact point, the more likely a larger weapon will hurt. No matter what it is. It is only as distance increases this drops off - and a lot.
-
el cid again
- Posts: 16984
- Joined: Mon Oct 10, 2005 4:40 pm
RE: Device data for bombs and shells
A good rule of thumb is that an AP warhead moving on the order of 2700 fps will penetrate 1.75 times its caliber at close ranges. [Penetration declines as range increases, but for shells it increases at extreme range, because it is accelerating again as it falls]. This rule seems to be reflected in WITP device data for very large naval guns, but not for many other guns - which is inconsistent (it even works for anti-tank rifles).
Now other factors can be present. The low velocity 70 mm Japanese "battalion gun" - which looks hopelessly obsolete- had a widely used (but unknown to the Allies during the war) hollow charge warhead for anti-tank use. It worked too. But it did not achieve penetration by kenetic energy - but by a flame. It was a German invention modified for Japanese weapons, and there were variations of the shell for other guns. But this is a rare case of a low velocity anti-tank round widely used but not understood to be used in the anti-tank role.
Now other factors can be present. The low velocity 70 mm Japanese "battalion gun" - which looks hopelessly obsolete- had a widely used (but unknown to the Allies during the war) hollow charge warhead for anti-tank use. It worked too. But it did not achieve penetration by kenetic energy - but by a flame. It was a German invention modified for Japanese weapons, and there were variations of the shell for other guns. But this is a rare case of a low velocity anti-tank round widely used but not understood to be used in the anti-tank role.